swine influenza
is a respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses belong to the family of Oortomeksoveriday (Name: Orthomyxoviridae), which often affect the pigs. This type of virus causing outbreaks of influenza in pigs periodically in a number of countries including the United States and Mexico (on the basis of the scourge), Canada, South America and Europe and East Asia [1] [2]. Swine flu viruses, leading to injuries and high levels of disease, but is characterized by low rates of death from the disease in the pig [3]. Influenza viruses remain deployed in the pigs throughout the year, but most cases of epidemic spread among pigs in the late autumn and winter, as is the case in humans. [4].
Swine influenza virus transmission to humans is relatively rare, especially the cooking of pork before consumption leads to disruption of the
virus The virus does not cause the symptoms of influenza to humans and in most cases, knowledge of personal injury is only the analysis of the disease in the blood concentration of antigen. And the infection usually affects people working in the field of pig breeding only where there is constant contact, which increases the likelihood of HIV transmission. Since the mid-twentieth century have been recorded fifty human cases infected with swine flu, and usually the symptoms of infection are similar to flu symptoms, pharyngitis and common Kaanqan high body temperature and fatigue and muscle pain and headache and cough.
Viruses known to cause symptoms of influenza virus in two pigs and a bird flu virus C, a virus and is common among pigs. Although the ability of both a and c virus infection, however, that the human species that infect the human serological differ from those to which infect pigs. And the virus usually does not move between the various factions of living only if there is restructuring of the virus, then the virus could move between human and pigs and birds.
A virus infects both humans and pigs and birds, have been identified and are currently four sub-types of influenza A virus has been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H3N1. [5]. However, most influenza viruses have been isolated - through the infection in 2009 - was of swine viruses, H1N1. Was to isolate the classical swine flu virus (influenza virus type H1N1) for the first time from pigs in 1930 [6].
C flu virus infects both humans and pigs, but only a rare move for the people and that the lack of genetic diversity and host organisms of the virus. The cause of the virus outbreak in Japan in 1996 and 1998 and California. [7]
Influenza disease is common in pigs, it is estimated that about half of the pigs in the United States are exposed to the virus during their lives. [22] is spread by direct contact between animals and patients another safe, and this increases the risk of transmission of the disease in Mistira containing large numbers of pigs. And transmit the disease either through contact with pigs noses with each other or through droplets resulting from coughing and sneezing. As wild boar are believed to play an important role in the transfer of infection between farms. [23] [24]
Involved in pig raising and sponsorship are more vulnerable to the disease. Swine flu viruses infect humans occurs when communication between people and infected pigs. The infection also occur when moving objects contaminated people to pigs. Pigs can be infected by bird flu or human influenza. When avian influenza viruses infect different types of pigs that can be mixed with pork and show a new hybrid viruses. [25]
And pigs can be moved once again modified viruses to humans and can be transferred from one person to another, and believes that the transition occurs between human beings the same way seasonal influenza through contact with something of the flu viruses and then touching the mouth or nose through coughing and sneezing
Infection of pigs caused high fever and cough and sneeze and breathing problems and lack of appetite, and in some cases the infection may lead to abortion. Despite the low death rate (1-4%), but the infection will lead to a decrease in the rate of 12-pound weight during the 3 to 4 weeks, thus causing financial loss to farmers. [27]
According to the Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC), the swine flu symptoms in humans similar to the symptoms of seasonal influenza is the sudden rise in temperature, cough and pain in muscles and strain. It seems that this new strain is causing more diarrhea and vomiting, more than the regular flu. [28] can not differentiate between the common flu and avian influenza among pigs only through laboratory examination determines the type of virus, the CDC urged doctors in the United States on the development of swine flu in the diagnosis differential for all patients with symptoms of influenza and the injured person had been infected with swine flu in one or were infected with influenza States of America. [29]
Prevention depends largely on farm management is to prevent the spread of infection, and are therefore raising the level of hygiene and sterilization and health care and isolation of sick animals. The reduction of the density of pigs in each farm to prevent the spread of infection dramatically, especially in the process of controlling the infection by the vaccine is usually only fail. In recent years, the vaccine used has become ineffective in many cases a result of the evolution of the virus mutate and continuous.
the prevention of transmission from pigs
Although the possibility of human infection from the injury a few pigs (recorded 50 cases since the mid-twentieth century), but farmers are advised to contact them and from the use of pig nose and mouth masks to prevent infection. It also advised the farmers to receive the vaccine against swine flu. [30]
the prevention of transmission between humans
Hijacked train in Mexico, wearing masks and bricks Akipthd following probability of transmission between humans:
Hand-washing with soap and water several times a day.
Avoid approaching the person with the disease.
The need to cover the nose and mouth when coughing Bmnadel paper.
Importance of the use of masks to the nose and mouth to prevent the spread of the virus.
Avoid touching the eye or nose in the case of contamination of the hands in order to prevent the spread of germs.
If you have you or a member of your family from flu-like symptoms, the physician treating you Mkhalt of the pigs, you may be sick with influenza.
Infection must be diagnosed quickly by taking a sample from the nose or throat to determine whether you are infected with swine flu.
^ - Swine Flu: Your Health Questions Answered
2. ^ Swine influenza. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. Retrieved on May 6, 2009
3. ^ Illinois Department of Public Health
4. ^ Straw, B.E., J.J. Zimmerman, S. D’Allaire, and D.J. Taylor, D.J., eds. 2006. In: Diseases of Swine, 9th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. p. 201-244.
5. ^ LEKCHAROENSUK P, LAGER KM, VEMULAPALLI R, WOODRUFF M, VINCENT AL, RICHT JA. Novel Swine Influenza Virus Subtype H3N1, United States, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2006, Volume 12, N°5, 787-794
6. ^ Bikour, M. H., E. H. Frost, S. Deslandes, B. Talbot, and Y. Elazhary. 1995. Persistence of a 1930 swine influenza A (H1N1) virus in Quebec. J. Gen. Virol.
7. ^ Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Mizuta K, et al (February 2002). "Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2): 422–9
8. ^ Alfred Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic, Cambridge University Press, 1985; Andrew Price-Smith, Contagion and Chaos, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.
9. ^ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerg Infect Dis 12 (1): 15–22
10. ^ Vana G and Westover KM. Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2008 Jun;47(3):1100-10. 2008 Feb 14
11. ^ Swine Influenza A Outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976. Emerging Infectious Diseases
(2006-01). PDF
12. ^ "What Can We Learn From the 1976 Flu Debacle?"،13. Glenn Beck Fox News،14. April 27,
15. ^
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] Key Facts About Swine Flu (CDC)
16. ^ Jason George (April 28, 2009). "Swine flu: Last U.S. swine flu death in 1988 in Wisconsin". Chicago Tribune.
17. ^ "DA probes reported swine flu 'outbreak' in N. Ecija". Gmanews.tv. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
18. ^ "Gov't declares hog cholera alert in Luzon". Gmanews.tv. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
19. ^ Maria Zampaglione (April 29, 2009). "Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement". World Organisation for Animal Health. Retrieved on May 6, 2009.
20. ^ Influenza A(H1N1) - update 16
21. ^ US navy halts aid vessel over flu. BBC NEWS. Wednesday, 6 May 2009
22. ^ "Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic". New Scientist. 2009-04-24. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
23. ^ [V Trifonov, H Khiabanian, B Greenbaum, R Rabadan (30 April 2009). "The origin of the recent swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infecting humans". Eurosurveillance 4 (17).
[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذا الرابط] 24. ^ "Influenza Factsheet". Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University.
25. ^ Mary J. Gilchrist, Christina Greko, David B. Wallinga, George W. Beran, David G. Riley, and Peter S. Thorne. The Potential Role of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations in Infectious Disease Epidemics and Antibiotic Resistance. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 February; 115(2): 313–316.
26. ^ Vicente, J.; Leon-vizcaino, L.; Gortazar, C.; Jose Cubero, M.; Gonzalez, M.; Martin-atance, P. (2002), "Antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in European wild boars from southcentral Spain", Journal of wildlife diseases 38 (3): 649.
27. ^ reuters ،28. 25-04-2009
29. ^ ة،30. 25-04-2009
31. ^ The Merck Veterinary Manual
32. ^ "Swine Flu and You". CDC. 2009-04-26. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
33. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (April 26, 2009). "CDC Health Update: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Update: New Interim Recommendations and Guidance for Health Directors about Strategic National Stockpile Materiel". Health Alert Network. Retrieved on May 6, 2009
34. ^ Ramirez A, Capuano AW, Wellman DA, Lesher KA, Setterquist SF, Gray GC (June 2006). "Preventing zoonotic influenza virus infection". Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (6): 996–1000
الثلاثاء 04 أكتوبر 2016, 3:26 am من طرف 
موضوع: بحث عن انفلوانزاالخنازير (E) 
